MANAGED HEALTHCARE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MANAGED HEALTHCARE - Assignment Example Medicare plans will bring in new support sectors like data services and also lead to more employment. Laying out a Medicare plan requires extensive investment in the support sectors like data handling systems and infrastructure (Crilly, 2007). There will also be an increased employment that acts as a positive incentive to the economy. One of the primary disadvantages of Medicare plans is the increased burden of handling long-term care. Most of the Medicare plans are complex and this demands an extensive investment of both time and resources. This poses a challenge to the government and healthcare agencies (Klemm, 2000). Catering for the huge and increasing population is a challenge and this creates a problem in the laying out of the Medicare plans. Medicare plans are complex and demand huge funds and this poses a challenge to the government. The need for reliable Medicare plans is increasing as the population grows. More need for Medicare translates to a growing need for the government to allocate more funds to the healthcare sector. The Medicare plans will, therefore, result in an economic burden that will hamper government’s response to other needs (Crilly, 2007). The legislative history of Medicaid gives mixed views in regarding the government’s response and approach to the sector’s several years of existence. The government has given adequate support in the uplifting the standards of Medicaid in response to the healthcare challenges. There has been increased funding over the years and this shows a positive response from the government. On the other hand, the legislative expresses government’s failure to offer substantial support that matches the growing population (Klemm, 2000). It outlines that government’s support for Medicaid is not sufficient especially in the current rise of health complications and the increasing

Essay about a Poem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

About a Poem - Essay Example emplation as young, Black student in the midst of a relatively Caucasian educational institution and the contention of the equality between him and his professor. The persona of the poem speaks of how he perceives himself as the same as of any other individual his age or otherwise. He starts with the fact of his cognizance of his aesthetic difference and how he is apart from all the others around him, being the only Black student in his class. It paints of the picture of the school and its close proximity but otherwise vague disconnect with Harlem. But with the college’s discord amplifying his intimacy with the place and how it represents him, and how he must represent it. It ropes in the simple intricacies that add up and defines us as who we are as human beings. Mundane things the poetic persona expresses like ‘to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love’ How these are the same for him as it is for all the others around him, including his professor, this in his mind makes all of them equal, regardless of the color of their skin. The perception of the polar opposition between the white paper and the black ink gives much of the vivid detail that makes the poem as refine in the rendering of the underlying tone that it extends. He is what and who he is, and being so, the negation of what his paper will not be leads to his realization of what it is. In the course of his reflection he discerned the reality of being. The veritable connections that make the student and the professor equal, that constitutes why they are one and the same. And that is the fact that they are both Americans. Known for his political dynamism through his literary works, Hughes wrote the poem during a time when American history was at the threshold of a landmark revolution that ultimately led to the realization of the Civil Rights Movement. A developmental change that he has in many ways has become an integral part of. His works include contentious political tones that articulate race

Influence of Pablo Picasso on Art

Influence of Pablo Picasso on Art Pablo Picasso: His Influence on Art. The influence of Pablo Picasso on art can be measured via the enduring fame of the man; he remains, arguably, the most famous artist since Michelangelo, more celebrated than Duschamp, Monet or Cezanne. He was a legend during his own lifetime, the celebrated Salvador Dalà ­ citing Picasso as, â€Å"his hero, and to be taken seriously by him [Picasso], a sort of right of passage.† His posthumous reputation is built upon the solid foundation of innovative art coupled with revolutionary expressionism that many commentators have seen as constituting the very genesis of modern art. For many, Picasso is none other than the artist who carried painting into the twentieth century, the personification of the advent of a new age in art felt in the same way as it was in industry, economy and ideology. His private life and professional life merged more than most famous artists. Bar for a small period towards the end of his life, Picasso was free from the scandal that accompanied the legends of Matisse, Van Gogh or Manet, for instance. Art was always his first mistress, although more than most other artists, Picasso drew from the experiences which touched him in his personal life to inspire his creative output. Born in Spain Picasso was, from the outset, noticed as a child prodigy by his art teacher father. Indeed, the Museo de Picasso in Barcelona is dedicated almost exclusively to his very early paintings and sculptures. By the time he was a teenager Picasso began to frequent the more Bohemian outlets of Barcelona, where his inquisition acted like a sponge for the diversity of influences all around him. Inevitably, Picasso moved briefly to the capital of art, Paris, where he was further exposed to the rich variety of expressions prevalent at the fin‑de‑siecle. One can see these formative years as essential in the development of the discernibly different styles that Picasso adopted in his adult life. First he experimented with realism and caricature, heavily influenced by his time in Paris. Commentators have since labelled his next two phases as the â€Å"Blue Period† and the â€Å"Rose Period† respectively. During the â€Å"Blue Period† (1901‑1904), Picasso relied heavily on a blue palette for his paintings, where he focused excessively on the traditional outsiders of society to tell his story: beggars, prostitutes and vagrants make up the bulk of the actors in this phase of his life. In contrast, the â€Å"Rose Period† (1904‑1905) used as its focal point less wretched members of society, though he still accented the ridiculous: clowns, trapeze artists and other circus personnel tended to constitute the majority of his work during this epoch. Apart from bequeathing such classics as the Blue Period’s La Vie (1903) and the Rose Period’s Family of Saltimbanques (1905), the work of Picasso during the very early years of the twe ntieth century also highlights the tendencies of an artist who is unwilling to be pigeon‑holed as an exponent of only one type of art. His greatness came from his ability to transcend certain artistic genres without ever losing any credibility or acumen. Next Picasso travelled to Holland where he was greatly influenced by the classical paintings of Greek mythology. He returned to Paris where he was intrigued and challenged by the ground‑breaking Fauvist work of Matisse, which used familiarly grotesque themes to Picasso’s â€Å"Blue Period†.   The caricature‑like nature of Matisse’s work inspired Picasso to experiment with ancient, primitive art, especially that which so influenced the Iberian culture from where he hailed. With Spain being positioned so close to Africa, Picasso naturally, â€Å"appropriated African art in the development of modern styles,† and his primitive experimentation ought to be seen as the key development in his embracement of Cubism, the style for which he remains most noted internationally today. Picasso’s incorporation of African influences into his own sculptures constituted the first time when he consciously used his art as a vehicle to voice his concerns over the state of the modern world in which he lived. â€Å"It allowed him to confront his audience with their own assumptions about ‘Africa’ and the relation of Picasso’s work to that highly publicised discourse.† Yet, as detailed, Cubism remains the artistic style most closely associated with Pablo Picasso. Essentially, Cubism played with the concept of the three dimensional human figure, distorting the shapes, lines and contours of the paint so that both the front and back of the body was visible at the same time. Together with Georges Braque, Picasso drove forward the movement of Cubism so that, by 1913, it was the chief progressive artistic ideology in both Europe and North America. The Guitar (1913) is often cited as Picasso’s own personal best with regards to Cubist expressionism, a noticeably Synthetic Cubist creation, although he was soon, unsurprisingly, moving away from Cubism to embrace yet another facet of modern art.      Towards the latter part of his creative life, Picasso moved into the realms of Surrealism, influenced again by classical art. By that time, however, the Spanish Civil War (1936‑1939) had broken out, igniting, once more, a politicisation of Picasso’s work. â€Å"Picasso was deeply moved by the civil war raging in his native Spain, and applied himself to creating a monumental record of its barbarity.† Guernica (1937) is his most celebrated painting of the time the carnage inflicted upon the Basque city designated within the title constituting his inspiration for painting, which, for the first time in history, documented the horrors of modern warfare, in particular the devastation of air raids.    Thus, as Picasso was present to carry progressive art through to the twentieth century, so he was likewise the catalyst for the artistic expression of horror that post‑industrial man could inflict upon civilisation that the Second World War would starkly reveal. Moreover, his breath‑taking skill, throughout his career, at depicting all forms of artistic endeavour have led contemporary commentators such as, Susan Sternau, to conclude that, â€Å"more than any other individual artist, Picasso shaped the course of twentieth century art.† BIBLIOGRAPHY M. Antliff P. Leighten, Cubism and Culture (Thames Hudson; London, 2001) R. Brandon, Surreal Lives: the Surrealists, 1917‑1945 (Macmillan; London, 1999) E. Doss, Twentieth Century American Art (Oxford University Press; Oxford, 2002) B. Leal et al, The Ultimate Picasso (Harry N. Abrams Inc; New York, 2003) S. Lemoine (Edtd.), Towards Modern Art: from Puvis De Chavannes to Matisse to Picasso (Thames Hudson; London, 2002) T. Martin, Essential Surrealists (Dempsey Parr; London, 1999) S.A. Sternau, Art Nouveau: Spirit of the Belle Epoque (Tiger Books International; London, 1996)

General Motors Essay -- Auto Industry

US automobile industry began at the end of the 1800’s and by the 1890’s one out of seven jobs and one out of six businesses owed their existence to the automobile. Also this industry was the largest single customer for many raw materials but now With analysts debating whether or not the American economy is already in a recession, the big three automakers in the US especially General Motors are sharply scaling back production. The facts described by Danny Hakim in an article (G.M. Sees a Loss Near $1 Billion; Stock Falls 14%) published in NYtimes on March 17, 2005 say that announcement by GM about losses of almost a billion dollars for last six month dropped its share to the lowest level in more than a decade. Also it is considered to be ever biggest single day loss since 1987, as GM’s share lost 35 points on Dow Jones. GM once considered as strongest among big three is now way behind in the race with the plans to cut off 10% production of cars in North America. Investors have lost their confidence in GM. Market researchers and analysts are also waving red flags. Main reasons for GM crisis are crucial home industry and increasing health care cost, as company is providing health coverage to almost 1.1 million people in America. Despite all these facts, company’s chief executive Mr. Wagoner has neither yet announced any serious plans to overcome this situation nor has he shown any intention to change their corporate strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalization is the first concept which c...

Global Warming Affects Biodiversity Essay

There has always been a link between climate change and biodiversity. As the climate changes, the animals in the affected areas have to either adjust or leave. Although climate changes have been occurring throughout history, the rapid climate changes of today are resulting in species not being able to adapt quickly enough and undergoing species loss. Some species may adapt well to the climate changes such as an increase in bugs and pests, but others, such as Arctic animals are being forced away from their homes as the glaciers that they live on melt and break away. The Arctic and areas that are in higher latitudes have a higher rate of warming and this pattern is expected to continue as climates everywhere changes and temperatures go up. As Earth warms up, the glaciers in the Arctic start to melt, and species such as the polar bear and the arctic fox that depend on the sea ice, will start to disappear and only be available for viewing in places such as zoos. The polar bear and the arctic fox are not just the only species that will be affected. The fish, birds, marine mammals, and even the algae that grows on the undersides of the glaciers will be severely impacted as the ice melts and eventually disappears all together. The climate changes do strictly impact the Arctic, but the whole world. As ice melts in the Arctic, the temperature in seas and oceans change and the salt levels change which affects the reproduction of marine species. Once this happens, Alaskan fish will be a delicacy only available for the rich and special. Also once the all the sea ice melts, the water levels will rise and much of the land bordering oceans and seas will be covered and people will be forced to relocate and adjust, just like the Arctic animals. The change in ecosystems all over the world will result in loss of food sources, jobs, natural resources, and some natural pharmaceutical products. Rising temperatures will also affect the health of humans by exposing them to more forms of disease. Cold temperatures help regulate and control the spreading of many diseases. Diseases such as malaria are likely to spread because mosquitos will not die during the winter because temperatures are slightly lower than they are in summer. Parasites that originate from sub-tropical environments may migrate to more moderate biomes and reproduce and attack there.

Critical and Creative Thinking in Society Short Essay Essay

The situation that comes to mind of public interest is the rioting and looting going on in Ferguson, Missouri. We understand everyone in the community is upset about the shooting but you also have to remember that this has not been the only shooting over the years dealing with an African America male, and look how a few bad people can change the message that your organization or group is really trying to get across. We believe the purpose of the protest was to bring awareness to the issue at hand but now it has turn into something else now. Free will is the ability to do whatever you want at any time, truth is something that is justify a fact that has happen, and knowledge is the research and experience you have on different subjects. Opinion is something every individual has about every situation. Critical thinking process hindrances are self-deception, resistance to change, and stereotyping there are a few ways to deal with this issue whether in business or everyday life. One is to make change easy, and simple people are most likely to get on board if you do that. Self- deception just be honest with yourself, and others being in business not tell shareholder the truth could back fire on you. We believe this last one is probably the hardest stereotyping because of everyone’s up bring but we believe if you look at the facts and take way stigma of what you have heard most the time you will see that the stereotype was wrong. An advertisement that perceives to make you jump higher and play better basketball is the Michael Jordon Nike advertisement, but the reality of it is that you have to have some skills to play like Mike. Reference Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). The Art of Thinking, A Guide to Critical and Creative Though (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education,Inc.

Credit Mobilier Scandal essays

Credit Mobilier Scandal essays In 1865 just after Civil War plans of reconstruction of the Union were on the minds of every government official as their first priority, or so it seemed. After the war anything that would boost patriotism was passed by Congress and a transcontinental railroad was a that would help heal the wounded Union. Credit Mobilier Corporation was given land grants from the government to complete the transcontinental railroad. The company arranged with several partners to help with the construction of the railroad. The real scandal took place in the House of Representatives, where Oakes Ames sold stock at par value. In the investigation of the Credit Mobilier, only two men suffered disciplinary action from the Judiciary committee. When the railroad was completed to the 100th meridian in 1869, the two brothers split the company into two fractions. Oakes took charge of Credit Mobilier, Oliver took control of the Union Pacific. Lincoln advised Ames to take over the Union Pacific construction and transcontinental railroad in which he could gains funds necessary for the completion of the railroad. Both Union Pacific and Central Pacific received large government grants to build the railroad. Each road received a thirty-year loan of government bonds to value twenty seven million dollars. Federal money was needed because of the huge risk in providing capital which was going to build across forbidden terrain, and this kind and amount of money could only be provided by the government. The first two hundred and twenty-eight miles of track under the Ames contract had been constructed at $27,500 per/mile. The new contract specified a per/mile cost of $43,500. This exorbitant increase carried huge profits as a result of the scandal. On November 21, 1867, Oakes Ames sold one hundred and sixty shares of Credit Mobilier stock at a minimum rate to Senators and Congressmen in fear that his fellow constituents would reject the Union Pacific-Credit Mobil...

Free Essays on Containment

The Walnut that was Containment Containment was a foreign policy adopted by the United States in order to meet the global communist challenge. The Truman administration’s plan to accomplish the goal of containment was to implement the Marshall Plan and to utilize NATO to its full political, and if necessary military, potential. The accepted premise in the American government during the late forties and early fifties was that communism flourished on anarchy and poverty. The natural response was to stabilize vulnerable areas through economic aid (Ambrose 77). The Marshall Plan was designed to rebuild the economic system of Western Europe (McCormick 54). The United States government reasoned if Europe was not restored, it might be susceptible to political volatility and, even more fearful, communist infiltration and insurrection. The Marshall Plan provided for billions of dollars to be injected into Western Europe. It was supposed to accomplish containment by rejuvenating and strengthening the shattered economies in Western European countries and to encourage democracy in these countries. The American government hoped that this economic influence would help fight internal and external communist forces. The Marshall Plan worked well to support pro western governments in Europe. If the plan had not been effective, then more countries, for example Italy or Greece, might have been lost to communism. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created to promise collective security to the nations that signed the alliance. It was the muscle that backed up the containment policy in Europe. If any of the allied countries were attacked, then NATO would be called upon to defend these nations. Naturally, the United States bore the greatest burden in this relationship, financially and in terms of manpower. NATO effectively executed its share of the responsibility of containment, for example: the Berlin Airlift in 1948. If it... Free Essays on Containment Free Essays on Containment The Walnut that was Containment Containment was a foreign policy adopted by the United States in order to meet the global communist challenge. The Truman administration’s plan to accomplish the goal of containment was to implement the Marshall Plan and to utilize NATO to its full political, and if necessary military, potential. The accepted premise in the American government during the late forties and early fifties was that communism flourished on anarchy and poverty. The natural response was to stabilize vulnerable areas through economic aid (Ambrose 77). The Marshall Plan was designed to rebuild the economic system of Western Europe (McCormick 54). The United States government reasoned if Europe was not restored, it might be susceptible to political volatility and, even more fearful, communist infiltration and insurrection. The Marshall Plan provided for billions of dollars to be injected into Western Europe. It was supposed to accomplish containment by rejuvenating and strengthening the shattered economies in Western European countries and to encourage democracy in these countries. The American government hoped that this economic influence would help fight internal and external communist forces. The Marshall Plan worked well to support pro western governments in Europe. If the plan had not been effective, then more countries, for example Italy or Greece, might have been lost to communism. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created to promise collective security to the nations that signed the alliance. It was the muscle that backed up the containment policy in Europe. If any of the allied countries were attacked, then NATO would be called upon to defend these nations. Naturally, the United States bore the greatest burden in this relationship, financially and in terms of manpower. NATO effectively executed its share of the responsibility of containment, for example: the Berlin Airlift in 1948. If it...

Because I Could Not Stop for Death

Irony is used here because the speaker is not sure whether or not Death has tricked her into going from a busy life, to a peaceful death. Dickinson splits the poem into quatrains. Stanzas 1,2,3 and 5 use the same meter patterns. The first and third line of the stanzas has 8 syllables or 4 feet. Each foot represents two syllables, one unstressed the other stressed. A meter that is iambic is one that is common in the English language; so the poem could be said naturally. There are 4 feet so the meter is iambic tetrameter, tetra meaning 4. be CAUSE/ i COULD/ not STOP/ for DEATH The second and fourth lines in the stanzas only have 3 feet so they follow iambic trimeter pattern, tri meaning 3. Stanza 4 is a special one. There is no particular pattern to it. Stanza 6 is slightly altered by the last line, which has 7 syllables. Otherwise it follows the same rules as the previous stanzas. In stanza one, Dickinson introduces the character of Death without hesitation. Here, Death gives us with the impression that he is a gentleman or a gentle suitor who kindly leads the speaker and encourages her to embark on the journey of death. The tone is peaceful and the speaker appears passive and is co-operative with his decision. Dickinson uses symbolism to depict the journey of death. This is apparent when she uses a carriage in line 3 to transport the speaker, Death and Immortality to the graveyard. Line 4 shows that â€Å"Immortality† is also on the carriage, meaning that the start of the journey to â€Å"Death† is also the start of a journey towards immortality. In Stanza 2, the narrator starts her journey slowly. She has started dying and is not struggling against all the pains; and has also given up all the joys of life, â€Å"and I had put away My labor and my leisure too. † Death is also described as being civil, â€Å"His Civility. Stanza 3 uses anaphora. â€Å"We passed† is repeated to give off the effect that she is watching as life goes by. Alliteration is also used in lines 11 and 12, â€Å"Gazing Grain† and â€Å"Setting Sun. † The setting sun is also symbolic; it represents the end of life. Stanza 4 gives us some eerie imagery. Line 13 suggests that it was the sun that actually passed her. â€Å"Dews† means the dew of the night so â€Å"The Dews drew quivering and chill† means that the speaker is feeling the coldness of the night. This might suggest that the she is already nearing the end of her journey towards death. After, she explains why she is cold. She is wearing a gown and it is described as being â€Å"Gossamer;† a light and thin material. Then she tells us she is also wearing a â€Å"Tippet† made of â€Å"Tulle. † A tippet is an old-fashioned shoulder cape and tulle is a thin silky material. Definitely not the clothes you would wear on a cold chilly night. The speaker tells us about her gravestone in stanza 5. Symbolism is used again in line 17; â€Å"House† represents the gravestone. We are shown here that the gravestone is just poking out of the ground and that it looks like a cornice. Now, we move into the future. It is also revealed that the narrator has been dead for centuries â€Å"’tis Centuries. Paradox is used here because the speaker says that these few hundred years feel shorter than that day she died. She also realised that when she died, it would mean going into eternal life; â€Å"the Horse’s Heads Were toward Eternity. † Dickinson has described, quite clearly, her views about death. She suggests that the afterlife means another life, one that is eternal. While some would disagree with her, she has made a statement that has lasted centuries. The poem is metaphorical, she has used some everyday things to portray one of the scariest things in life: death.

Energy Policies of Barack Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Energy Policies of Barack Obama - Essay Example This paper will throw light upon the changes which will be brought in the energy policy once Obama occupies the post of the US President. The pros and cons of the energy policy will be comprehensively presented in the paper. The efficient management of energy is very essential for any county to grow. Non renewable energy like gas, oil etc once wasted cannot be reused again, considering this it becomes extremely important to utilize energy in a best possible way. Obama has proposed a plan under which the oil consumption by the US will be reduced to 35% and he aims to achieve this by 2030. This is a very good decision in order to reduce the excessive dependency of the US on Oil. Another major step will be to "Help create five million new jobs by strategically investing $150 billion over the next ten years to catalyze private efforts to build a clean energy future." (Barack Obama and Joe Biden, 21 October 2008). This is an excellent decision; the creation of new jobs will help a lot of Americans who are out of work. Within the next ten years Obama aims to save as much Oil as imported from countries like Venezuela and the countries in the Middle East. He aims at saving and wants to avoid misuse of energy wh ere ever possible.

Philosophy of Death Comparing Dualism and Physicalism Essay

Philosophy of Death Comparing Dualism and Physicalism - Essay Example This research discusses that  Descartes and Plato championed the concepts of dualism. The first argument, which looks at the opposites states that the dead originated from the living and therefore the living, should also arise from those who died. This argument states that the process of dead helps in liberating the soul. The second argument of dualism is based on the recollection.This essay declares that  the first argument on physicalism ascribes that humans are physical in entirety. Therefore, when death of the physical body takes place, the process does not provide any alternative means of sustaining our consciousness. The second perspective considers the soul as dependent on the body, meaning it cannot survive on its own. Contrary to the dualistic perspective, the soul and the body does not survive death. The physicalism argument holds more water because no one can provide evidence that the soul may not perish. Besides, the concept of separating the two (soul and body) raise s questions and many concerns. Therefore, I think physicalism concepts raises genuine concerns on the argument by both Descartes and Plato, who generated many gaps in their argument. The counter argument holds more water. The death of a friend is painful for the relatives and family. Therefore studying it helps a person to prepare emotionally and spiritually. It also draws interesting discussions that opens the understanding on the death.

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication Research Proposal

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication - Research Proposal Example Special focus will be put on Internet Protocol Security or IPSec protocol suite based VPN technology. A VPN is a kind of relatively secure network communication system. With the help of tunneling techniques (for example, HTTP tunnel), tunneling protocols (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol or L2TP), IPSec technology, etc., a VPN is capable of operating as a secure and cost-effective network even inside the framework of a public network infrastructure (Bentley Walker 2012). Providers are now establishing VPN compatible with satellite communication systems (Siris, Ververidis, and Polyzos 2013). However, according to Fereidooni, Taheri, and Mahramian (2012:228): â€Å"In essence, a VPN provides a secured tunnel between two end points across a public network. The protocols used over the Internet (TCP/IP) are designed for reliable end-to-end data delivery over unreliable and congested networks †¦ However, satellite bears a high latency (delay) medium and TCP response to such latency is not in a determined way.† In general, satellite modems are utilized for operating a VPN over satellite. These modems help to send TCP/IP data in the form of radio frequency or RF. They also help in receiving TCP/IP data from the RF signals. This kind of network communication system is termed as the â€Å"VPN over satellite† (Bentley Walker 2012, paragraph 1; Ground Control 2014) technology, which has become a crucial necessity for remote users. While analyzing the security issues around VPN, Zhu and Ma (2004) stated that public key infrastructure (PKI) can be especially helpful along with dedicated network level key exchange protocols to enhance data protection. Within a few years, Demirel, Alagoz, and Ufuk (2006) stated that flow identification methods too are crucial for IPSec VPN technology operated via satellites. Much later, Fereidooni et al (2009) developed an enhanced

Innovation Strategies Description Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Innovation Strategies Description - Assignment Example Therefore, Diamond believes that proximate reason as to why some civilizations came to dominate others through militarily, economically, politically, and cultural landscapes are from the effects of food production, effects of writing, effects of technology, governmental organizations, and effects of religion. He thus went ahead to demonstrate how these issues led to the occurrence of differences among cultures (Diamond, 1998). On the other part, Diamond believes that ultimate reason as to why some civilizations came to dominate others is through geography, but not through biology or race of which some studies have tried to prove. Henceforth, geography produces the cultural disparities of which his friend Yali had pointed out. The concept thus implies that Eurasian colonizers did not gain it power they still hold today through a systematic process, or through having the greatest of skill or mind, but pure geographic chance created this difference. The role of innovation in this process is that it leads to the development of systems of some specialized knowledge that eventually leads to the advances in metallurgy, literacy, and eventually the socio-economic organization. Diamond thus concludes that accidents of geography and environment created the domination of whites of the Eurasian origin over other races. Thus, the Europeans received more favors since they had more starting material and also had more favorable conditions. I agree with Diamond’s conclusion because I believe that all people and cultures have the capacity of doing similar things on the provision that they have the resources and privileges of doing so. Another proximate factor that might cause these differences in availability of advanced resources. These resources could be useful for people in all regions to conduct their own research, hence becoming the ultimate solution to many problems that occur in societies.

My Future in Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Future in Safety Management - Essay Example There is a demand for safety specialists with the understanding of management issues; this will only increase my marketability within the career field I have chosen.("American Society of Safety Engineers") I think having the chance to supervise and oversee safety programs and make a difference in my field is inspiring. There are so many industries where the skills I possess, and continue to develop, might be welcomed into. From healthcare to engineering and mining to manufacturing, the possibilities are extreme. I do not think I have made a final decision as to which industry I will enter as yet. However, the income potential for such positions is very encouraging as well. The yearly earnings can range from $30,000 to $150,000 depending on the demand. This financial security with potential for growth is, also, a fantastic incentive within all the industries, as well.("Council on Practices and Standards") I found the PowerPoint presentation pertaining to goal setting to be very encouraging. The importance of setting short term goals that are realistic enough to achieve, so you will not be disappointed in yourself and become disenchanted with ones career pursuits. I think that reminding goals setters, not only, to provide a goal, but be certain that goal has a deadline. If there is no deadline then there is no consequence for not staying on course with your goal’s proper completion. Lastly, the statement that caught my attention, primarily, for its brazen common sense; â€Å"People plan their vacation more than they plan their life.

History Of Quality Management As It Relates To The US Air Force Research Paper

History Of Quality Management As It Relates To The US Air Force - Research Paper Example TQM is an approach that can enhance the competitiveness, effectiveness and flexibility of a whole organization that requires planning, organizing and understanding each activity (O’Neill & Sohal, 1999). TQM has been applied to all industries with the focus on quality improvement or achieving overall customer satisfaction. TQM in the US Air Force has its own significance and has been in practice for several decades. As the Federal government realized the need for a smaller military force due to decreasing military threat from the former Soviet Union, the financial support to the military was reduced (Sanchez, 1997). This necessitated the reduction in the size of personnel from each service as well as eliminating many weapon systems. With the reduced number of airmen, seamen and soldiers the need for efficiency became paramount (Moser & Bailey, 1997). TQM training was instituted in all branches of the armed forces and extended to the US defense industries as well. This paper res earches how the application and utility of TQM has evolved and whether it has been able to enhance efficiency in the US Air Force.TQM has further been defined as a process of continuous improvement (Gonsalves, 2002) where continued effort is exerted by everyone in the organization to understand, meet and exceed customer expectations through quality enhancement (Hoang, 2009) where quality includes characteristics such as performance, features, durability, aesthetics and service quality (Lian, 2001). Ho, Duffy and Shih (1999) emphasize that continuous improvement, customer focus, and teamwork form the core of TQM philosophy. TQM is a holistic concept wherein all members of the organization participate in planning and implementing continuous quality improvement (Sanchez, 1997). Deming stated that to achieve success through TQM the managers must whole-heartedly believe in the philosophy and create an environment for the process to function (D’Ron, 1998). Deming also offered sugge stions for the managers to change their traditional mindset which included leadership, training, breaking down the barriers, not focusing on price alone, eliminating quotas and most importantly they should adopt the TQM principles. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) was established by Congress in 1987 to stimulate competition in the US businesses. This is a prestigious award for excellence and quality achievement in the United States. This award was meant to recognize organizations that have outstanding processes and practices, and that focus on continuous improvement and where the practice is measureable. The MBNQA is basically a business review, a formal process to review how the business operates. Its implementation requires visionary leadership, social responsibility, focus on future, focus on results, managing for innovation and valuing employees and other stakeholders (Baldridge Award, 2005). The award is given to organizations that demonstrate exemplary achie vements across seven dimensions - leadership, strategic planning, customer and market focus, measurement, analysis and knowledge management, human resources focus, process management, and business results.

My Future in Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Future in Safety Management - Essay Example There is a demand for safety specialists with the understanding of management issues; this will only increase my marketability within the career field I have chosen.("American Society of Safety Engineers") I think having the chance to supervise and oversee safety programs and make a difference in my field is inspiring. There are so many industries where the skills I possess, and continue to develop, might be welcomed into. From healthcare to engineering and mining to manufacturing, the possibilities are extreme. I do not think I have made a final decision as to which industry I will enter as yet. However, the income potential for such positions is very encouraging as well. The yearly earnings can range from $30,000 to $150,000 depending on the demand. This financial security with potential for growth is, also, a fantastic incentive within all the industries, as well.("Council on Practices and Standards") I found the PowerPoint presentation pertaining to goal setting to be very encouraging. The importance of setting short term goals that are realistic enough to achieve, so you will not be disappointed in yourself and become disenchanted with ones career pursuits. I think that reminding goals setters, not only, to provide a goal, but be certain that goal has a deadline. If there is no deadline then there is no consequence for not staying on course with your goal’s proper completion. Lastly, the statement that caught my attention, primarily, for its brazen common sense; â€Å"People plan their vacation more than they plan their life.

Macbeth - How Shakespeare presents the characters in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay Example for Free

Macbeth How Shakespeare presents the characters in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay How do their words thoughts and actions make the scene such a dramatic and important scene in the play? In the majority of Shakespeares compositions, Act 3 usually consists, in terms of context, the most important scenes in the play. Macbeth is no different; Act 3 and in particular Act 3 Scene 1 is the point in the play where events are rapidly building to a dramatic and tragic climax. In the previous scenes the audience witnessed the violent assassination of the much loved King Duncan by Macbeth followed by the (said / mentioned) murderers inevitable election as king. In a historical context, the general public at the time of the productions release would have understood the significance and seriousness of Macbeths actions more so than modern day audiences. Regicide was not only seen as an evil act against king and country but also against God. The Divine Right of Kings was widely believed; which stated every monarch is selected by God and has sole right to the throne (usurper). More notably, genuine threats such as the Gunpowder Plot against the ruler at the time, King James I, made the murder of King Duncan not only more believable but something audiences could actually relate to. Act 3 Scene 1 commences with a condemning soliloquy by Banquo. He shares with the audience his strong accusations regarding the manner in which Macbeth has become King Speaking dangerously of deceit and treason, Thou playedst most foully fort, Shakespeare cleverly aligns Banquo with the audience and in doing so emphasizes the shocking nature of King Duncans murder. In the soliloquy there is also a reference to the witches predictions for Banquos descendants, myself should be the root and father of many kings. This line would have been of great interest to King James I as it suggests he is a descendant of Banquo. Some critics argue that Shakespeare wrote Macbeth to flatter the new king. The direct relation between Banquo and King James is hinted a few times during the play. Add this to the fact Shakespeare altered Holinsheds version of events that were written years earlier then you could be mistaken for agreeing with the critics. Shakespeare made Macbeth solely responsible for Duncans murder when actually Banquo was an accomplice to the murder. Proud to be in their new role, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth greet Banquo very majestically, heres our chief guest. Shrewdly, they attempt to make Banquo feel important and well appreciated, If he had been forgotten, it had been a big gap in our great feast. However this was all a big act, as the audience was about to find out. I imagine in this part of the scene Lady Macbeths introduction would have been very grand and regal as if she loved her new role. After all, she had finally achieved what she and her husband had always dreamt of, My dearest partner of greatness. Shakespeare makes it clear that Macbeth is now king by altering slightly the way in which Macbeth behaves and addresses others. He exposes a kinder, more inviting aspect to his personality by hosting a feast, Tonight we hold a great feast and Ill request your presence. The verb request is significant because it implies the invitational is optional, however I dont believe anyone would turn down an offer from the King as there may be serious consequences. Macbeth continues to take great interest in Macbeths proposed journey which causes the audience to suspect that Banquo might be in danger. Arguably for the very first time in the play, we witness the devious and crafty personality of Macbeth. Shakespeare uses a combination of irony and flattery in his writing to hide the fact Macbeth is actually intensively interrogating Banquo, fail not our feast and Ride you this afternoon are two examples of this. The quote fail not our feast is ironic because the audience have been discretely made aware that Macbeth intends to have Banquo murdered whilst he is out riding and will therefore not return for the feast. After dismissing Banquo, Macbeth makes a rather bold and surprising decision to do the same with his wife, Till supper time alone, while then God be with you. I believe this to be the point in the play where the tide turns. Up until now, it has been Macbeth who has relied heavily on his wife. He consulted everything with her. However, now that he finally has the crown upon his head, I think he feels that she has nothing left to offer. Personally this is pure ignorance on Macbeths part and sense this might be a catalyst for his downfall -Macbeths hamartia. A hamartia is basically an error in judgement, a cause of a tragic heros (in this case Macbeth) misfortune. Lady Macbeth aids his downfall, as she has pushed him to become so ambitious and arrogant that he feels he will be more successful without her. However, Macbeth has other hamartias which are explored further on. If I was directing this scene, I would strive to get the key point across. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have just been crowned king and Queen of their beloved nation. The honeymoon period has just begun and they both absolutely adore their new roles, Thou hast it now King, Cawdor, Glamis, all. Therefore, I would endeavour to make sure this comes across to the audience by ensuring the actors were dressed accordingly; royal robes and jewellery etc. Also, the actors should portray a relieved and joyful persona to illustrate the fact that Macbeth and his wifes efforts have finally been rewarded. During Macbeths soliloquy in Act 3 Scene 1, Shakespeare reveals the characters true colours. Macbeth explains that despite Banquo being his best friend, he understands that Banquo must be murdered in order for him to remain in power; to be thus is nothing, but to be safely thus. This extract would confirm the audiences earlier thoughts and feelings about Macbeths intentions with Banquo. It also proves that the compassion and sincerity he showed towards Banquo in their last conversation was just an act. Shakespeare compares Macbeths feelings about Banquo to an actual event in the past, as it is said Mark Antonys was by Caesar. Macbeth acknowledges Banquos integrity but cannot help feeling that perhaps he is the Achilles heel to making him last upon the throne. Just as in Ancient Rome, Mark Antony was said to be in fear of Octavius Caesar. Throughout the soliloquy you get the sense that Macbeth has constant mood swings. His feelings vary rapidly, from fear of Banquo at the beginning; our fears in Banquo stick deep. to pure hatred of Banquo at the end, No son of mine succeeding, for Banquos issue have I filed my mind. His change in character is particularly noticeable when compared to Act 2 Scene 1. During this soliloquy, Macbeth has little conviction when contemplating the murder of Duncan whereas now he speaks confidently with passion and conviction. Which is startling seen as he is about to have his closest companion murdered. As the murderers appear on stage, the audience are immediately made aware that Macbeth has already spoken with them Was it not yesterday we spoke together. This extract implies that Macbeth had been planning to kill Banquo for a while. This is arguably the first time we see a ruthless side of Macbeth. It proves to the audience that this murder is not just a spur of the moment thing. Shakespeare includes a range of techniques when Macbeth is trying to persuade the henchmen to murder Banquo. Firstly, Macbeth tries to justify the murder by using reverse psychology on the two men, Know that it is he who held you so under fortune. Here; Macbeth is obviously testing the murderers character and resolve. He needs to know how willing they are, luckily for Macbeth they are prepared to do anything in the needs of king and country, I would set my life on any chance. Secondly, Macbeth questions their courage, to which the murderers respond assertively We are men. One thing I cannot comprehend is why Macbeth is even bothering to persuade them. Surely Macbeth has the right to order anyone about never mind two members of the lower class society. After all he is the King. However, I think this represents a key aspect of Macbeths personality. I think persuading the murderers is his way of persuading him he is doing the right thing. By persuading them, he is at the same time convincing himself that the deed is righteous. This would suggest that Macbeth is not pure evil but instead someone who loves power and is prepared to do anything to remain powerful. Macbeth changes dramatically as a character throughout the play. Initially, Macbeth was tortured with remorse after Duncans murder but upon hearing of Banquos successful assassination he is elated. His vaulting aspiration was driving him to desperate measures and he was unable to impede it. Macbeth had already risked his life to obtain the throne so he had no choice but to employ Machiavellian customs to preserve it. Macbeths vision of Banquo ghost at a royal banquet only steers him closer to insanity. The appearance of Banquos ghost at the royal banquet horrifies Macbeth. Shakespeare brilliantly uses irony to make Banquos emergence very dramatic, Sweet Remembrancer! Upon hearing the witches prophecies, Macbeth is unleashed down a spiral of swift deterioration that causes him to become blinded by desire. It is clear that Macbeths objective was driven by the prophecies made by the three witches; hail to thee Thane of Cawdor that shalt be king hereafter. He was willing to do or pay anything to ensure that they actually occur. At first Macbeth is appalled at the witches proposal of killing Duncan, his King and fellow countryman, but eventually he surrenders to both Lady Macbeth and the evil forces. Lady Macbeth and the witches overwhelm his morals setting off a catalogue of events resulting in Macbeths downfall and second hamartia. The presence of supernatural forces in Shakespeares Macbeth, provides much of the plays dramatic tension and mounting suspense. Several supernatural hallucinations throughout the play profoundly affect Macbeth; culminating with the evil forces overpowering Macbeth and his morals. For example, the prophecies of the three witches and the appearance of Banquos ghost. These two points in the play would have been very significant for the audience at the time. Witches were associated with using uncompromising potions, flying, becoming invisible at will and using disguises for the evil spirits in control of them. In Shakespeares time, a large proportion of people believed in witches. Hundreds of thousands of women were accused of employing the mentioned familiars to cause misfortunes and disasters. As a result, many were either executed or tortured. Even King James I was personally frightened of witches, passing a law that condemned anyone connected with witchcraft. In hindsight, it is now clear that witches were just innocent people used as scapegoats for mistakes made by others. Macbeth is a prime example of Shakespeares use of the tragic pattern. The play begins with the rise and fall of a man of high estate. This is followed by a flaw in character, Duncans trust in Macbeth for example, a gentleman on whom I built absolute trust. Then murder, exile and alienation of enemies and allies; King Duncans Murder, the Princes flee, murder of Banquo and dismissal of Lady Macbeth. All leading to the gradual isolation of the tragic hero, tragic recognition of the flaw by the tragic hero; and now a wood comes toward Dunsinane and eventually the death of the tragic hero. Macbeth is slain by Macduff. Tragic patterns similar to this one are used in every one of Shakespeares renowned tragedies.

Experiments in Quantum Mechanics

Experiments in Quantum Mechanics The theory of quantum mechanics developed when the classical theories of mechanics and electromagnetism were unable to provide explanation to the characteristics of atomic structure and electromagnetic radiation  (Rae, 2008). The appearance of quantum mechanics resulted in the emergence of a principle that has the ability to describe the nuclei, proton and neutron (Rae, 2008). Quantum theory has two sides, the first is the mathematical side and the second is the conceptual side. The mathematical side has been successful in estimating the atomic and subatomic phenomena, while the conceptual side â€Å"has been a subject of endless discussions without agreed conclusions† (Thankappan, 1993). 1.0 Double Slit Experiment It is known that when particles are emitted through two slits two bands are formed, while when waves are passed through two slits interference pattern is formed on the back wall. When the crest of the first wave meets the trough of the second wave, the two waves cancel each other and destructive interference occurs which result in appearance of dark lines. On the other hand, when two crests or two troughs of the wave meet each other construction interference occurs and bright lines are formed. The elegant difference is blurred by quantum mechanics. When a stream of electrons passed through one slit, a single band is formed, but when electrons emitted through two slits an interference pattern is formed, but how could a piece of matters create an interference pattern like waves? Physicists thought that particles bounced each other and created the interference pattern. This time they decided to shoot the electrons one at a time, by this method it is impossible for electrons to interfere with each other. After a time the same interference pattern is formed. The conclusion was that the single electron leaves as a particle and becomes a wave of potential then it goes through both slits and interferes with itself to hit the wall like a particle (The particle is in two places at once), but mathematically it is even stranger that the electron goes through both slits, it goes through neither, it goes through just one slit or it goes through just the other. All of these possibilities are in superposition with each other (Khutoryansky, 2013). (Perimeter Institute, 2012) Figure 1.0 Double-slit apparatus showing the pattern of electron hits on the observing screen building up over time. This made the physicist completely puzzled and they decided to install a measuring device by one slit to see which slit the electrons actually pass through, but the quantum world is far more mysterious than they could have imagined. The electron decided to act differently because it felt that the observer watched it. When they observed the electron, the electron went back to behave like a little marble, it produced a pattern of two bands and not many interference pattern as it was expected. Physicists were Perplexed, they asked what is the matter? Is it Particles or waves? (Khutoryansky, 2013) After a while they have discovered that, when the electron was observed the wave function was collapsed. 1.1 The Explanation of double slit experiment A Physicist called Max Born, one of the founders of quantum mechanics came up with a new idea for what the wave equation described. Born said that the wave is not a smeared out of electron or anything else previously encountered in science. Instead, he declared that electrons are something about a probability wave (Probability distribution), that is Born argued that the size of the wave that any location predicts the likelihood of the electron being found there. Where the wave is big that is not where most of the electrons are, that is where the electrons are most likely to be, and that is very strange, so the electron on its own sees a jumble of possibilities (Khutoryansky, 2013). â€Å"You are not allowed to ask where is the electron right now, but you are allowed to ask if I look for the electron in this little particular of space, what is the likelihood I will find it there, and that bugs anyone!†(Peter Fisher, 2012). Finally, it is shown that the implication of this experiment is that matter can have both wave and particles properties. This is known as â€Å"Wave-Particle Duality† or â€Å"Dual Nature of Particles† This is proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1923 leading to the birth of modern day quantum mechanics. Exhibiting particles or waves characteristics depends if a detector is observing the matter or not. The second implication of the double slit experiment is that the outcomes of macroscopic events can be affected by observation. This is because macroscopic objects are composed of microscopic particles acting as either waves or particles (Lejuwaan, 2010). These facts lead to the emergence of De Broglie equation as shown in (1.1) and (1.2) (1.1) (1.2) Where is the wavelength, is Plancks constant, is the frequency, and E is the total energy of the particle (Phillips, 2003). The equations (1.1) and (1.2) are equivalently equal to (1.3) (1.4) Where is the modified Planck’s constant (), k is the angular wave number (and is the angular frequency ( (Phillips, 2003). The comparison between planets in a solar system and electrons in an atom was no longer reasonable. De Broglie’s hypothesis led to the development of quantum mechanics and subsequently the Schrà ¶dinger equation. It is important to know the equations (1.1) and (1.2) to understand the concept of the Schrà ¶dinger equation that will be discussed in the next section. 2. The Schrà ¶dinger wave equation Quantum mechanics is all about solving the Schrà ¶dinger equation. There are many Schrà ¶dinger equations, each physical scenario for which you want to apply. Quantum mechanics has its own Schrà ¶dinger equation, they are all slightly different and all require slightly different solution techniques. The reason why there are many different Schrà ¶dinger equations is that the situation over under which you want to solve the Schrà ¶dinger equation enters the Schrà ¶dinger equation as a potential function and we know that potential function influence the physics of quantum mechanics. The Schrà ¶dinger equation is a wave equation that describes the behavior of particles by taking account the fact that matter also has these wave-like properties. â€Å"The role of the Schrà ¶dinger equation in quantum mechanics is analogous to that of Newton’s Laws in classical mechanics. Both describe motion. Newton’s Second Law is a differential equation which describes how a classical particle moves, whereas the Schrà ¶dinger equation is a partial differential equation which describes how the wave function representing a quantum particle ebbs and flows. In addition, both were postulated and then tested by experiment† (Phillips, 2003). The Schrà ¶dinger wave equation helped in the emergence of quantum mechanics and Erwin Schrà ¶dinger was the reason of establishing an equation that considered as one of the fundamentals of quantum mechanics (Freiberger, 2012). There are two forms of the Schrodinger equation, the first form is time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation and the second form is time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation (The Schrodinger Wave Equation, n.d.). 2.1 Time dependent Schrà ¶dinger wave equation: (1.5) Where is the imaginary unit, is the modified Planck’s constant (), indicates a partial derivative with respect to time t, is the wave function of the quantum system, and is the Hamiltonian operator (Wikipedia, 2014). (1.6) Where m is the mass of particle, V is the potential energy and is the Laplacian. The equation (1.5) is the general equation, while the equation (1.6) is the â€Å"single non-relativistic particle† of the time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation. By solving time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation, we can determine the probability of detection of particle in some region as a function of time (Phillips, 2003). 2.2 Time independent Schrà ¶dinger wave equation: Time independent Schrodinger equation is used more than time dependent Schrodinger equation, because the time is measured on a small scale. â€Å"The time-independent Schrà ¶dinger equation predicts that wave functions can form standing waves, called stationary states† (Wikipedia, 2014). The time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation has another important use that is making the time dependent Schrà ¶dinger equation to be solved easily once the stationary states are predicated by the time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation (Phillips, 2003). Eψ (1.7) (1.8) The equation (1.7) is the general equation, while the equation (1.8) is the â€Å"single non-relativistic particle† of time independent Schrà ¶dinger equation. 3. The Role of Quantum Mechanics in Structure-Based Drug Design Most drugs are very small molecules compered to their targets that are enzymes. In order for drugs to take its effect it has to bind to the active site of the enzyme. We can think about this as an engine that has moving parts that moving, and a little drug get stuck in the gears of the engine and hence the entire engine stopped working. This is how drugs are working. In order to design drug pharmaceuticals must know much information about the active site of the enzyme; it will help them a lot if they have a very high-resolution structure so they can know the active site of the enzyme. There are important enzymes whose structure is strange such as catalase which shown in figure (1.9) and it will be easier to design drugs if the structure of the active site is known (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Over many decades, specialists used the high technological abilities to displace the hard obstructions that they faced along the path of drug discovery. This allowed them to improve the methods of drug design (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). There were many computational approaches that used at different stages of drug design process. These computational approaches were successful in decreasing the number of ligands (â€Å"a molecule such as drug that binds to receptor† (Dictionary.com, 2014).) In addition, in form the computational approaches helped in reducing the period and costs of drug discovery. The computational approach that we will discuss about is the structure-based drug design (SBDD). It is a method that depends on 3-D structures of biological targets. SBDD has two phases; hit identification and lead identification. The first phase is about exhibiting powerfulness against the target by the recognition of chemical compounds called â€Å"hits†. â€Å"Whereas, the latter engages evaluation of the screened hits to identify the promising lead molecules before proceeding toward a large-scale lead optimization†(Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). On of the most successful examples of the history of SBDD is the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase inhibitor (Meyer and Swanson et al., n.p.). 3.1 Target Identification Identifying the right target is only the first stage of a long process. Scientists need to find a protein or gene that is associated with the disease (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Proteins come from genes, and it is easier to study genes than to study proteins. One approach to find a new drug target, involves comparing the genes of healthy individuals with those of people with the disease. The differences between two genetics maps can help to generate hypotheses in which proteins or lack of thereof cause the disease. It is also possible to do the opposite, by changing one gene at a time in cells or simple organisms, and then observing the resulting effects that will happen, so it called the phenotype of the mutation. If the phenotype has some similarity with the disease’s states, it can give ideas about the possible relation between the mutated gene and the disease. The third approach of target identification is to start already with a bioactive substance such as a natural medicine used in traditional medicine, a compound from basic research or known drugs with unexpected effects (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). When targets are identified they, another process occurs which called drug validation. Drug validation is on of the most important steps in SBDD; many drugs that failed were because it was not checked by â€Å"drug validation process† (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). When the target and the active site have been identified then the hit discovery process starts. One of the successful validation tools is the transgenic animal (animals that carry foreign genes) as they allow observing the phenotypic endpoints (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). 3.2 Hit Identification When the targets are discovered and being checked for target validation, the next step is hit identification. Hit identification is about getting a small molecule that has some of the initial properties that pharmaceuticals want in their final drugs. It is very early in the process of a drug discovery. The â€Å"hit† is defined as a molecule that binds to the target. There are some ways that used to determine identify the hit. One way is to start with a natural substrate and to make it drug-like. The second way is to design a De novo hit by SBDD. This way works if pharmaceuticals are familiar with the binding site as well as the protein structure. High throughput screening (HTS) is a process that aims to find inhibitors for the targets by using rapid assays. With HTS there is no need to be familiar with the nature of chemotype likely to have activity at the target protein (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). HTS is considered as one of the main processes for hit identification (Hug hes and Rees et al., 2011). The disadvantage of HTS is that it requires a lot of materials and time to do a huge combinatorial space (high cost) (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). When starting with HTS pharmaceuticals need to screen a lot of molecules to find a drug. HTS screens more than hundred thousand to million compounds or even more than a million compounds (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). Most of the molecules will not be active against the â€Å"biology†, while a large number of molecules will be active against the â€Å"biology† and the process keeps going until there is only one molecule that is active against the â€Å"biology† 3.3 Hit to Lead Phase â€Å"Hit to lead† phase is an elevated level of SBDD phases. It helps pharmaceuticals to get closer to a drug that is safe and efficacious in people because it helps to identify compounds with improved potency (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). â€Å"A lead compound is a compound that demonstrate a desired a biological activity on a validated molecular target† (Pharmacelsus GmbH, 2013). The key thing about the hit to lead phase is to identify compounds that is not only binds to the protein, but they in fact work inside a cell, and they show the selectivity in a cell (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). The key aspect of hit to lead stage is a repeated process in which it not only shows that the compound works in a biochemical assay, but it also demonstrate that it works effectively and selectively in a cell-based assay (Hughes and Rees et al., 2011). Therefore, it can go through the cell membrane, reach the target inside the cell, and engage that protein in a cell-based assay. In starting the hit to lead phase, the compounds start off with potencies that are weaker than pharmaceuticals would like. What pharmaceuticals looking for is compounds that will make the medicinal chemistry that will improve the potency of the hit compound at least a factor of ten, and ideally a factor of twenty in the biochemical assay (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Also, pharmaceuticals look for things to start off with from the hit stage that have weak cellular potency, but with medicinal chemistry that correlates with the biochemical potency mentioned above (Kalyaanamoorthy and Chen, 2011). Furthermore, it drives the cellular potency to be more potent in the cell. This is all toward the goal that pharmaceuticals want to get potent compounds that are cell active. Also, there are several other important properties such that, if Pharmaceuticals do not want the compound to bond to other off-target that may cause toxicity then they prefer compound to have potency that at least ten-fold weaker to the closest related target. We will not discuss in detail. Knowing the active site is a very important thing in drug designing, there are several ways that used to determine the active site for unknown drugs active sites. 4. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is considered as one of the earliest approaches to drug design. This approach is all about finding a relationship between how active the compound is as a drug and the physical activities of the compound. The fundamental principle of QSAR is that the change in structural properties of the compound can lead to a change in the biological activities of the compound. QSAR allowed us to determine where approximately the drug settles in the human body. This is determined by a physical property that used which called the distribution coefficients between octanol and water (is the ratio between the concentration of a compound in the mixture). â€Å"QSAR depends on bulk properties of the potential drug molecules† (Moore, 2002). A new method is emerged, it is called 3D-QSAR, 3D-QSAR is considered to be an effective tool in the design of pharmaceuticals drugs that helps to connect the activity of a molecule with the properties that d epends on a special part of the molecular structure. We superimpose by a computer a set of molecules that we know their activities. By this method, the set of molecules with similar groups will be in the same place. Furthermore, a small box is drowned that divided into lattice of n points along each side and 200pm apart from each other (Moore, 2002). The box contains all the molecules. A box containing one molecule is shown in figure 2.0 5.1 QM/MM studies of pharmaceutically relevant targets In this section we will discuss about an experiment that Alessio and Marco (2012) did to show that QM/MM could predict the binding orientation of a reference inhibitor. The experiment is all about the interaction of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and carbamic acid aryl ester inhibitors (URB524) (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). â€Å"In general, SBDD depends on the accuracy of ligand docking, and the ability to identify binding modes† (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). When FAHH is docked with URB524 inhibitors, there are two possible of this docking. Tools that applied in drug discovery were not able to distinguish between the two binding orientations. On the other hand, when QM/MM was used to model the inhibitor binding process, it made such a good success in revealing that (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). QM/MM calculations showed that, the second orientation was energetically preferred. This QM/MM calculation’s suggested that the notably higher barrier in the first orientation led to an unstable product. (Lodola and De Vivo, 2012, pp. 337-362). By QM/MM we can gain a detailed understanding of the binding site interactions, and hence QM/MM can contribute practically to drugs design. On the other hand, although QM/MM gives a detailed understanding of the binding site interactions, QM/MM has not yet played an important role in drug designing. Due to the high computational abilities that QM/MM has, it looks like that QM/MM will be a main and an indispensable tool in drug design in the recent years.

Sense And Sensibility Themes Essay -- essays research papers

"Sense and Sensibility" In Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility there is a theme that runs along with males in the novel. The first born sons are forced to deal with the promotions and abilities that come along with the laws of primogeniture, yet even with all they get they do not lead an altogether happy life. The men that are "first-born" are in fact too swayed by the power and obligation that comes with their estates. In the novel the first sons are viewed in a negative light, yet the second-born sons have less responsibility to be what society wants them to be and are allowed to be his own. Although Edward Ferrars, is a firstborn, his mother disinherits him because of his lack of focus and ability to be all she wants him to be; as John Dashwood remarks "Robert will now to all intents and purposes be considered as the eldest son." We know that Colonel Brandon is a second son because he has an older brother who married his old sweetheart, Eliza, many years before the novel's plot begins. And whereas these characters are the heroes of the novel, all the eldest sons are cast in a negative light, including John Dashwood, Robert Ferrars, and Colonel Brandon's older brother. In Austen's day, the eldest sons were the ones who inherited all the family property according to the laws of male primogeniture. However, in spite of these inheritance laws, it is the second sons who ultimately find happiness in the novel; thus they make content lives for them...

Robert Pirsigs Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Essay

Robert Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values Confronting crises of technological annihilation and personal madness, Robert Pirsig finds each to be a manifestation of a deeper crisis of Reason. In response) he suggests an alternative to our current paradigm of rationality, the "art of motorcycle maintenance." By showing that our understanding and performance derive from our emotional and evaluative commitments, he challenges the cultural commonplace which construes "subjective" states as distortions of "objective" reality. In so doing, he asserts that "wholeness" or sanity may be achieved only through "passionate caring," and an awareness and acceptance of how our emotions and values shape our experiences. Further, he shows that technology, a manifestation of our values, may be controlled only through emotional and moral commitment. A restorative rhetoric, on Pirsig's analysis is, then, one in which the passions and values are recognized as the very ground of being in and interpreting the world. The crisis of reason As he begins his "Chautauqua," Robert Pirsig finds himself in a twofold crisis. He characterizes the public dimension of the crisis as arising in large part from the technological fragmentation of nature and man. Having transformed nature from a field of daffodils into a field for its own potential appropriation, technology, as Marshall McLuhan has noted, now also "shapes and controls the scale of human association and action" (McLuhan 8). Seemingly indifferent to human values and developing under its own logic, technology increasingly isolates us from our natural environment, from one another, and even from ourselves. For though we may be in touch with Belgrade or Toky... ...ight give, the Sophist being "a hunter of young men of rank and distinction who works not by violence, but by persuasion." ("The Middle Speech of Plato's Phaedrus," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 9 [1971], 421). Pirsig admits that his defense of the Sophists against Plato is not original; indeed such a defense dates to the nineteenth century. Everett Lee Hunt elaborates this point in his "On the Sophists," in The Province of Rhetoric, ed. Joseph Schwartz and John A. Rycenga (New York: Ronald Press, 1965); and in "Plato and Aristotle on Rhetoric and Rhetoricians" (Historical Studies of Rhetoric and Rhetoricians, ed., Raymond F. Nowes [Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell Univ. Press, 1961], p. 20), he writes: "It is to Hegel that the Sophists owe their rehabilitation in modern times." Hunt also shows that Lewes, Grote, Sidgwick and John Stuart Mill all joined in the defense.

Mary Seacole

Mary Seacole Mary Seacole was born in 1805, in Jamaica. She nursed soldiers during the Crimean war which started in 1854. Her mother was Jamaican and her dad, a Scottish soldier. Her mother was also a nurse and used herbs for medicines and treatments. At the age of 12, she had already started to behave like a nurse because of the help she provided to her mother with the sick and wounded. When she was older, Mary opened a hotel in Jamaica to help care for the sick. Mary wanted to help those soldiers involved in conflict in Europe.She travelled to England in the UK but no one was interested in taking up her offer to help the ill and wounded soldiers. She instead stayed in England, paying her own fares and eventually setting up another hotel. There, she sold goods and clothing for the soldiers in the hotel. She would cook, clean and care for the soldiers. Mary tried to enlist her help for the Crimean war but was not chosen by Florence Nightingale who was in charge of caring for the woun ded. Mary instead travelled to the battlefield alone (covering 4,000 miles).She helped on the battlefield, sometimes even during cannon fire. Mary cared for the men very lovingly. The wounded men loved Mary and called her ‘Mother Seacole’. Florence Nightingale was unimpressed by Mary Seacole's work in Crimea, and accused her of intoxicating soldiers and running a brothel. If you ask someone ‘Do you know who Mary Seacole is? ’ they might say ‘No’ this is because Florence Nightingale got more recognition than Mary Seacole. Mary Seacole did just as much as Florence Nightingale, which is why, I think Mary Seacole should have a day to be remembered.

Chapter 4 of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ Essay

How does Chapter 4 of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ establish the character’s/narrator’s point of view? How does it encourage the reader to judge the character/narrator? Use evidence of diction, tone and symbolism to substantiate your reading. Chapter 4 of the novel begins after the governess has apparently seen for the first time, a strange man standing on the rooftop of Bly. She has described the figure in great detail, leading us to lend at least some small credence to her belief that it is a real person; how could she have described him in such detail if she hadn’t actually seen something? The chapter, however, begins with the governess in a state of paranoia about the incident and her situation. The governess compares her situation to two very popular gothic romances, which is the first instance in which we as readers begin to question her sanity. Was there a ‘secret’ at Bly – a mystery of Udolpho†¦? Udolpho, Radcliffe’s novel, she does directly, however she also mirrors the plot of Jane Eyre in her wishing to marry her master. Likening her world to the worlds of two pieces of fiction, rather than add clarity to her situation, instead have the opposite effect in leading us to question her perception of the lines between reality and fantasy. Ironically she mentions an â€Å"insane relative† and â€Å"confinement† when in fact she is the one starting to become ‘insane’ and is indeed the one confined to this large country house, away from the man that she loves, the one man she cannot get to. Further to this view of the governess’ fascination with the master bringing up questions of her sanity, the very vision of Quint himself could help us to understand this. With no outlet for her feelings for the master, it can be said that the vision of the man she sees is indeed a manifestation of her feelings for the master. She experiences â€Å"curiosity† and â€Å"dread† at the vision, she finds Quint attractive yet also aggressive and terrifying, as handsome as the master yet different as in the manifestation of a dream. It can be said that she has created for herself a sexual substitute onto which she projects her fears and her desires, she fears his sexuality. Small turns of phrase used by the governess also lead us, at least subconsciously to doubt the account of the governess. She â€Å"can’t say how long† she remained rooted to the spot after the vision, in a dream-like daze perhaps? She is writing this account well after the events after all, meaning that her own views of events and time are distorted. There is a vagueness and ambiguity to the whole account and of course her personal feelings could have coloured her view of actual events; it is incredibly difficult to remember something so long after with total recall. She finds herself â€Å"hesitate to mention† the events to Mrs Grose. Why is this? Could she doubt her own ideas already or is she as she says trying to â€Å"spare† her companion? What is this â€Å"inward revolution† that she experiences? This idea of the governess seeing herself as a hero and saviour is prevalent throughout the chapter and the novel. The innocence of the children is possibly the central theme of the novel and perhaps this manifestation of Quint happens because she feels threatened. Indeed the apparitions always seem to take place after a happy session with the children. Whether Quint is a ghost or not, the idea of evil approaching innocence is important to consider as a symbol. James has taken great pains to highlight the innocence of the children and the governess gives us her own views on the evilness of this character. Every scene and action seems to further illuminate the question to us of the children’s innocence. The governess sees Miles as â€Å"quite unpunishable† and sees his actions as a â€Å"direct disproof† to his guilt, but we as readers know that Miles has been expelled from many schools. The governess freely admits that she is â€Å"under the spell† of the children of whom she has only known for a relatively short time. She becomes incredibly critical of the headmaster and school, â€Å"little horrid unclean school-world† and â€Å"stupid sordid headmasters† show us that she is becoming very defensive, almost irrationally so, of this one thing – the children – that is almost keeping her going. There is an altogether unwholesome purity to Miles and Flora, as if they are ‘too’ innocent and it creates ideas in our own heads about how they could be playing with the governess. Could Quint be the manifestation of a sense of her feeling that this happiness with the children is threatened? The governess’ own ideas about Quint also lead us to question her because they are entirely subjective views and they get more and more subjective throughout the novel. Originally there was some credibility to her account as she described the physical aspects of the ‘ghost’. We don’t know that it’s Quint, just a man, and this makes her account seem more trustworthy. On the second occasion she gives her thoughts and the account begins to unravel a little. How can she possibly know that he was looking for the children? She can not possibly. She makes claims that can’t be proven such as the â€Å"monstrous liberty† that this ‘traveller’ has taken by coming into the grounds and taking a look form the tower. She speaks of her â€Å"duty and courage†, again referencing herself as the hero. She is beginning to fit her ideas around the vision and more and more doubt is being cast upon her all the time. The fact that she sees him a second time disproves her original view of him being a wayfarer. The fact that it appears to be the same handsome man could be a mistake, and this in fact could be a stranger who exists in reality outside of her fantasies. She mentions the children as being an â€Å"antidote to any pain.† Could she be speaking of the master here as well as her problems at home? She recognises the man â€Å"one step into the room†¦instantaneous† as though she’s almost expecting it. It is very difficult to recognise someone you have seen only once from very far away immediately. The â€Å"forward stride† he has taken is symbolic of her approaching madness perhaps? She has â€Å"known him always†, is he a part of her, some part of her mind? We also have the symbolism, â€Å"the darkness had quite closed in†, of madness fairly early in the chapter. Many people recall insanity or madness to be like a great cloud or darkness, and of course this is echoed in the greyness of the day and poor weather, which incidentally is very evocative of the gothic mood leading us to reconsider the possibility of a supernatural event actually taking place as well I believe. Both times that she sees the man, she spends days wandering about, losing track of time and this could be a reaction of intense shock to seeing a ghost, but she doesn’t yet know that this is a ghost. â€Å"There were hours, from day to day†¦when I had to shut myself up to think† She is almost obsessing over the vision. He has to decide whether or not she has been â€Å"made the object of any game,† another instance of her paranoia. She â€Å"repeatedly dipped into† her room again and again by her own admission and we are beginning to wonder now at the state of her mind and the nature of the shock she had undergone. After the first time she describes her reaction as â€Å"the shock I had suffered.†, and all of these wanderings, loss of time and bouts of shock lead me personally to believe she has had a bout of hysteria and could possibly be imagining the whole thing. â€Å"The good thing after all, was that we should surely see no more of him.† – although she is trying to convince the reader and herself, she doesn’t seem very sure, although we again have to remember that she is writing this after the events. She is withholding information from us deliberately, and when we find out that she does see him again, it affects our trust of her once more. She even loses all sense of â€Å"duration† again. She speaks of losing him and outside being â€Å"empty with a great emptiness†, sounding almost disappointed at not finding the man, or manifestation of the master. She has feelings for her absent master, similar in appearance to this vision, sexual desires, and this on top of the bad news that she has been receiving from home and the paranoia she has been experiencing builds up and up until it manifests itself on a dark night/grey day and she thinks that she sees something. On both occasions she has even been the instigator of her placement; she decides to go for a walk and she was the one who left the gloves where she had on the second occasion. Was it mere coincidence that the apparitions happened on both of these occasions? We are left, as usual in the novel, unsure by the ambiguity and to decide for ourselves. Ironically at the end of the chapter, the governess is juxtaposed with the position of the stranger, and she becomes the source of terror for everybody else rather than the heroine as she presses herself against the window and Mrs Grose enters the room.

Windshield Survey

According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) defines a community as: â€Å"A social group determined by geographic boundaries and/or common values and interests. Its members know and interact with one another. It functions within a particular social structure and exhibits and creates norms, values, and social institutions† (World Health Organization [WHO], 1974, pg. 7). Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) defines community health as having: â€Å"three common characteristics, or dimensions: status, structure, and process. Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) also go on to say: â€Å"Each dimension reflects a unique aspect of community health: (pg. 45). Community health in terms of status, or income, is the most well known and accepted approach; it involves biological, emotional, and social parts. The biological (or physical) part of community health is often measured by traditional morbidity and mortality rates, life expectancy indexes, and risk factors profile† (pg. 345). The communit y is the client if a nurse is helping individuals even one at a time in the community. Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) states: â€Å"The community is the client only when the nursing focus is on the collective or common good of the population instead of on individual health† (pg. 44) and â€Å"Although the nurse may work with individuals, families or other interacting groups, aggregates, or institutions, or within a population, the resulting changes are intended to affect the whole community† (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2008, pg. 344). One Healthy People 2020 health indicator that applies to this particular area, which is Oklahoma City, would be â€Å"Quality of life and well-being† (Healthy People 2020 at a glance. (2010). There is a large population of poverty level residents. Many people in the community of the south side Oklahoma City are living in homes that are not safe or are unclean. Additional aspects will be discussed in the Window Survey of south Oklahoma City. The boundary for the north part of Oklahoma City runs almost parallel to interstate I-44 from the east to the west. It is located in the central metro area of the state of Oklahoma, with boundaries east of the cities of Mustang and Yukon, and west of the cities of Spencer and Del City. The southern boundary of Oklahoma City overlaps interstate I-240 that runs from east to west and is north of the cities of Moore and Norman. The economic boundaries for the southern part of Oklahoma City can run the ambit from residents below poverty level to those that would be considered to be upper-class in their monetary value. There are neighborhoods that many would not feel comfortable after dark because there has been a rise in crime to those areas. The zoning of these homes are single story, quarter acre lots that are approximately one thousand to fifteen hundred square feet. These impoverished areas have small, o lder homes that are two to three bedroom homes that are unkempt and, at times, are cockroach infested. The houses are built closely side by side and do not have much open space throughout the neighborhood. Most of these homes show signs of decay related to the amount of repairs that need to be made to the home. Many of the residents are renting and cannot afford to make the necessary repairs or have landlords that are unwilling to comply with the safety of their occupants. The stores in the south part of Oklahoma City are ones that cater to a lower income, such as, Payday loans, Buy For Less, Ross, Payless shoes, Wal Mart, etc. Race representation in this area of south Oklahoma City is a majority of Hispanic, black, white, and Native American. When driving through this community, there are men and women who can be seen each day standing on the corners of busy streets holding various cardboard signs which ask for help and state they are out of work. The houses have children’s toys laying in the front yards and dogs can be seen in the backyards roaming or on chains. The transportation for many, are cars that range from 1980’s to the 2000’s. They appear to be in need of repair in many cases. Since many of the residents in this area have little money, there are service centers, such as Auto Zone, and Midas that aide in â€Å"do it yourself† repairs. However, there is a divide in the income level because within five to ten miles there are neighborhoods with homes that are valued from a quarter of a million to half a million dollars. These upper class neighborhoods are surrounded by brick walls with gates that require codes for entrance. One higher class neighborhood is called Rivendale. Surrounding these areas are higher end shopping centers, such as Chasity Square. This particular shopping center has stores called Mann’s Best Friend that provides all natural dog food and baked goods for pets. In both of the low income areas and higher income areas, there are many churches of various religions that are represented, including Catholic, Baptist, Non-denominational, Methodist, Lutheran, and Jehovah’s Witness. These are common meeting places for many in both communities. Aspects that would affect the health in this community, would be alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. For those in the low income areas, stress of everyday life in which they struggle would draw them to these vices, for those in the higher income areas, it would be the stress of working to maintain their lifestyle. Other health concerns would be obesity of those who cannot afford healthy eating habits, high blood pressure affects both low and high incomes for different reasons, diabetes, and for the low income, lack of preventative care. There is Planned Parenthood for well woman checks, organizations that provide blood pressure checks and diabetes screening, and the YMCA works on a sliding scale of income for membership to the gym to help prevent obesity. Media is covered by local news stations and the Daily Oklahoman. ? References Healthy People 2020 at a glance. (2010). PT in Motion, 2(6), 22-23. Retrieved From EBSCOhost. Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2008). Population-Centered Health Care In the Community. (7th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. World Health Organization: Community health nursing: report of a WHO expert committee, Geneva, 1374, World Health Organization. Windshield Survey A windshield survey is an assessment and evaluation of a community performed by traveling throughout the community in a car or public transportation to make observations about a community. The data gathered will help identify health care strengths and weaknesses in the specified community. A community is a social group established by geographic boundaries or common values and interests. Its members know and interact with one another and function in a particular social structure and exhibit and create norms, values and, social institutions (Stanhope, 2008). Community health has three mutual traits, or aspects: status, structure, and process. Community health in terms of status or outcome, is the most familiar and received approach; it involves biological, emotional, and social parts (Stanhope, 2008). The biological or living part of community health is often measured by established morbidity and mortality rates, life expectancy indexes, and risk factor profiles. The emotional part of health status can be measured by consumer satisfaction and mental health indexes. Crime rates and functional levels refl ect the social part of community health. Other status measures, such as worker absenteeism and infant mortality rates, reflect the effects of all three parts. Community health, when perceived as the structure of the community, is commonly explained in terms of services and resources. Measures of community structure incorporate demographics, such as socioeconomic and racial distributions, age, and educational level. (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008) The community is the client only when the nursing emphasis is on the common good of the population instead of on an individual’s health. When focusing on the community as client, direct clinical care can be a part of population focused community health practice. This type of care decreases the risk of an epidemic in the community. The community client also highlights the complexity of the change process. Implementing changes which, will improve the community client often occur at a number of levels, extending from the individual to society (Stanhope, 2008). Healthy People 2020 maintains tradition with the launch on December 2, 2010 of it’s 10-year agenda for improving the Nation’s health. Healthy People 2020, 2011) A society in which all people live long, healthy lives is the mission statement of Healthy People 2020. (Healthy People 2020, 2011) A health indicator that applies to my specialty area is substance abuse. Substance abuse produces control on an individuals life and creates havoc among the families and communities. The effects of substance abuse are increasing, drastically contributing to costly social, physical, mental, and public health problems(Healthy People 2020, 2011). According to Healthy People 2020, (2011) some problems include:teenage pregnancy, Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), domestic violence, child abuse, motor vehicle crashes, physical violence, crime, homicide, and suicide. A role nursing would perform in affecting this indicator would be education in the community. Adolescent abuse of prescription drugs, such as prescription pain relievers Vicodin and OxyContin, has remains on the rise and continues to devastate lives and families involved (NIDA InfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction, 2011). The accessibility of prescription drugs is growing from several places, including the family medicine cabinet, the Internet, and doctors. Drug addiction is a needless disease. Results from NIDA-funded research have shown that prevention programs including families, schools, communities, and the media are successful in decreasing drug abuse. Although countless events and cultural influences affect drug abuse trends, when youths sense drug abuse as harmful, they reduce their drug taking. NIDA InfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction, 2011) Education and outreach programs are essential in assisting communities to understand the risks of drug abuse. This is a Windshield Survey of Philadelphia, PA, 19154 completed on June 16, 2010. The information collected in this survey displayed basic ideas about this community and identified needs for a certain population in the community. Housing and zoning- The homes and buildings were builtafter 1950. The homes and buildings are constructe d from brick, vinyl siding and are a mix of row and single homes and the homes are in excellent condition. These homes vary in size and land. | Transportation- The most common means of transportation 19154. area include driving a car alone, carpooling and public transportation SEPTA(Southeastern Public Transportation Authority)During observations in the community, many bus stops werehad 6-8 people waiting. Somewere in their school uniforms, some work attire, and others were casually dressed. Theconditions of the roads need minor repairs most are newly paved. | Race and ethnicity- The chief ethnic group in the 19154 is a heavily populated, urban zip code in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The population is largely white, and mostly married couples. Total Population: 35,606 White Population: 31,896 Black Population: 1,678 Hispanic Population: 1,030 Asian Population: 812 Hawaiian Population: 13 Indian Population: 48 Male Population: 17,313 Female Population: 18,293 Median Age: 36. 2 Median Age of Males: 34. 9 Median Age of Females: 37. 6. (Neighiborhood Link National Network, 2011) . | Open space- There is not much open space, but the areas around the Dunksferry Rd and Academy and Knights roads are designated for the athletic teams and school sports. | Service centers-19154 has several service centers. On Southampton Rd there is the VA. Community Center, S. P. I. N. (Special People in the Northeast, mentally challenged individuals), W. I. C. offices and Social Security center. There are many schools, High school, grade school (public and Catholic) and headstart programs in our community. Also off Academy Rd. there is a health center and a dental facility. There are 3 major hospitals and several medical facilities in the community. | Religion and politics- In our community the primary religion is Catholic with a mix of protestant and Jewish. The primary party is republican. | Boundaries- The geographical boundaries for 19154 include Interstate I-95, Route 1 and the PA Turnpike. The income is middle class. The estimatedmedian income is $60,000 per year. Theneighborhoods are named and identified by street names. Some of theneighborhoods include Parkwood, Liberty Bell, Chalfont, Comly, Somerton, Morrell Park and Bustleton. | Stores and street people-Major stores in the community are Kohl’s, Target, and Wal-Mart, many grocery stores such as, Pathmark, Reddners and Acme Markets. There is not any type of street people as in homeless in the community. The community is primarily devised of law enforcement, fire fighters, teachers and healthcare providers. Health and morbidity-Substance abuse is increasing by our youth and adults in this community. There are no obvious drug dealings going on in the community but, there are dealers. Observations made were several people smoking on the bus stops, very young looking, and other smokers of appropriate age. There are several fast food restaurants in the area as well as finer restaurants, which may have resulted in the large number of people living in this area living with cardiac issues. Other observations made were the adolescents in the streets during school hours and some looking as if they were under the influence. Commons-In 19154 there are several churches, the park and recreational facilities restaurants and clubs. off Southampton Rdis the Community College of Philadelphia and off Street Rd there a several tech schoolsLocal eateries such as Chickie & Pete’s. Chili’s. Carraba’s, Outback Steakhouse, Texas Roadhouse, Friendly’s, Applebee’s, Nifty fifties and TGI Fridays. There are a number of fast food restaurants, such as McDonald’s, KFC, and Burger Kingwhere many people like to hang out. There is also a few -11, Wawa and playgrounds that teens usually hang out. These gathering areas are easily identified by signs. They are open to everyone and usually people with the same interests gather in these areas. | Signs of decay- There are no evident signs of decay, although at some playgrounds there were several graffiti tags on the buildings. | Media- The local newspaper is the Philadelphia Inquirer and the community newspaper is The Northeast Times. The TV news stations are ABC 6, Eyewitness News and NBC 10 news. The internet is a source of the major attributes of the media and the common providers are Verizon and Comcast and the cable providers are Comcast, Verizon Fios, The Dish and DIRECTV. References: (2011). Retrieved June 18, 2011, from Neighiborhood Link National Network: http://www. neighborhoodlink. com/zip/19154 Healthy People 2020. (2011, February 22). Retrieved June 18, 2011, from Healthy People: http://www. healthypeople. gov/2020/about/default. aspx NIDA InfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction. (2011, March). Retrieved June 18, 2011, from National Institute of Drug Abuse: ht tp://www. drugabuse. gov/infofacts/understand. html Stanhope, M. L. (2008). Public Health Nursing. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. Windshield Survey Keyes, California is a census-designated town in Stanislaus County. Keyes is located off Highway 99 in the California Central Valley. This small town is unknown to many due to its 2. 8 mile radius (â€Å"City data†). Numerous health concerns plague this small town due to its size and population. A windshield survey and internet research provides information on the people, the land, and the health of those living in this small community. The People According to the 2010 census, Keyes has a population of 5,601 residents with a 50/50 male to female ratio (â€Å"City data†).The median age of these residents is 29. 5 years old. The majority of the Keyes population has a household annual income of $29,943 for a family of 4. Annual income is just above or right at the poverty line. In 2011 it was recorded that 32. 1% of the population was living in poverty. A staggering 12. 9% of Keyes residents are unemployed as of July 2013. About 18% of Keyes residents work in construction, agriculture, or retail. Keyes is a predominately Hispanic community accounting for 60. 9% of its residents.Whites average 34. 3% of the population followed by 2% Asian and 0.4% Black. The residents of Keyes are 54% Catholic in faith followed by 5% Baptist and 5% Mormon. Keyes lacks a municipal government but is a part of Stanislaus County (â€Å"City data†). The Land Keyes, California is located between Ceres and Turlock off Highway 99. The town’s appearance is unattractive at first look. No landscaping or sidewalks are provided in most of the community. The majority of homes are enclosed by a fence and most do not have a driveway. Although the homes are aged and tattered, many of them have nice yards with minimal refuse.Homes in this location were built in the 1980’s. The average price of a home located in Keyes, Ca is $89,952 (â€Å"Zillow†). Few people were out walking in the community. The residents of Keyes had a wide range of dogs in almost every y ard. A large park is located in the eastern part of the town. Hatch Park has a walking path and a playground for children. The park is relatively new, according to its residents. Safety does not appear to be an issue before dark. The park is open from sunrise to sunset, although, it is not patrolled by police.There is no police department located in Keyes. Stanislaus county sheriff responds to calls for this small town. The fire department is located in the southern end of the city. According to Paramedic Rhodes of the Keyes Fire Department, there are an average of 20 calls per week 85% being medical, 10% motor vehicle accidents, and 5% fire. Most medical transports are sent to Emanuel Medical Center in Turlock located 5 miles southeast of the town. There are no doctors offices or urgent care’s located within Keyes. There are no pharmacies or dentists located in the immediate area.Neighboring cities have these services within five to eight miles. Stanislaus Regional Transport (START) provides bus services to Keyes (â€Å"Stanislaus regional transport†). There are four bus stops in Keyes all located near the freeway and the schools. The buses stop about every two hours from 5 am to 9 pm (â€Å"Stanislaus regional transport†). The bus stops had several people waiting and appeared to be used in the community by various age groups. There is a local post office with P. O. Boxes. Keyes does not have a postman to deliver mail to individual homes (â€Å"USPS†).Stores located in this little community consist of two convince stores and one grocery store consisting of a limited supply of fresh fruits and vegetables. The nearest full service grocery store and pharmacy are located 3. 8 miles away in Turlock, California (â€Å"Google maps†). No chain fast food restaurants were note during the survey however there are several taco trucks located in the area. Minimal businesses are present. Local businesses consist of construction companies of various sorts. Schools are present in this community. The local Elementary school teach students years K-8.Keyes to Learning Charter School instructs students K-12. The Stanislaus County Library has a branch located in Keyes for students of all ages. The Health Overall health is a concern in this community. No access to medical, dental, or pharmacies directly affects these residents. Locals may have access to healthcare but they may not have access to transportation to and from doctors appointments in neighboring cities. Low socioeconomic status prevents many from seeking necessary treatment for medical conditions. The inability to pay for prescribed medication can lead to worsening health conditions.Limited access to a full service grocery store can limit the amount of fresh fruits and vegetables consumed by these residents. In Stanislaus County the rate of diabetes is 1. 6% greater than the California average and the rate of obesity is 6. 7% greater (â€Å"City data†). D iet and exercise plays a role in these statistics. Although there is a local park it is not widely used. A sedentary lifestyle is common in this community. It is concerning to have such high incidents of obesity and diabetes in a town where the average householder is younger than 30 years old.A large percentage of the community is considered vulnerable (â€Å"Cdc†). The community health status indicators displays that Stanislaus County has a large vulnerable population. A vulnerable population includes 39% of individuals without a high school diploma and a 12. 9% unemployment rate. The county has a total of 23,378 people diagnosed with major depression and 38,337 involved with drug use in the last month (â€Å"Cdc†). Many other factors are affecting this town’s health including; smoking associated heart disease, cancer and respiratory illnesses (â€Å"Cdc†).As a goal, Healthy people 2020 is seeking to improve maternal, infant, and child health. Education is a crucial aspect in improving health in all stages of life. Mothers who are educated about their health and the health of their families can in turn make choices that can positively affect their families future. Nurses in the community could arrange classes at the local schools after hours to provide education on diet, exercise, and disease prevention. These classes could be taught in English and Spanish to better meet the needs of the community.Keyes, California is a small community with no access to many basic needs. The health of the community is deteriorating due to the lack of proper nutrition and healthcare. This town is living at or below the poverty line. The needs of the community outweigh the resources made available by Stanislaus County. More research should be conducted within the central valley to determine the needs of this vulnerable population. Keyes can become a healthier place to live in the future with help from the surrounding cities, local governments, and he althcare providers.